The Place of Mental Preparation of Athletes Free Essays

The sports community now recognizes that mental factors such as confidence, composure, focus, and motivation are highly significant to athletic performance. As a result, over the year’s performance enhancement has become an emerging career track within the field sport psychology. Sport psychology (or sports psychology) is the study of the psychological factors that affect participation and performance in sports. We will write a custom essay sample on The Place of Mental Preparation of Athletes or any similar topic only for you Order Now Sport psychology professionals who focus on performance enhancement aim to increase athletic performance by minimizing the psychological effects of poor performance and instilling the mental skill needed to attain peak performance. In order for the field of sport psychology to advance professionals must educate the sports community on the value and benefits of mental training. Psychology principles such as positive thinking, imagery, and goal setting can be applied in sports to help athletes perform and prepare for competition. At the elite levels all athletes have the talent and the physical tools to compete. In an interview hall of quarterback and sports analysis, Troy Aikman stated, â€Å"When you get to the elite level in sports, athletically, what separates the really great performers are the ones who are mentally tough and see things a little bit quicker than their competitors. † These athletes have the ability to move on after mistakes, maintain confidence and composure in the face of adversity, and focus on what is need to execute each task successfully. The best practice to enhance athletic performance in the field sport psychology is through mental training. Mental training is the segment of sports psychology that concentrates specifically on helping athletes break through the mental barriers that are keeping them from performing up to their peak potential. Many athletes and coaches resist mental training because they do not understand how it can help them. In order for athletes to get the most out of their sport, it is critical for them to understand the value of improving their mental game. Athletes are more likely to embrace mental training when they understand it and its benefits. However, the best way for athletes to embrace into mental training is when they actually experience its power firsthand. Mental training is about improving one’s attitude and mental skills to help them perform their best by identifying limiting beliefs and embracing a healthier philosophy about their sport. Mental skills, just like physical skills, take repetition, practice, and game-time application to develop. Helping athletes and coaches understanding the mental barriers that limit performance and the benefits of sports psychology intervention is a critical step in the mental training process. Mental barriers include high expectations, perfectionism, fear of failure, lack of emotional control and attentional focus. Athletes can overcome these barriers through sport psychology intervention that aim to enhance confidence, focus, composure, trust and mental preparation. Most athletes are highly committed to excellence and seeing how far they can go in sports. They love competition and testing themselves against the best in their sport. They understand the importance of a positive attitude and mental toughness. These athletes want every possible advantage they can get including the mental edge over the competition. Sports Psychology is about improving your attitude and mental toughness to help you perform your best by identifying limiting beliefs and embracing a healthier philosophy about your sport. Mental training is used by elite athletes to help improve focus, confidence and deal with distractions. Many athletes have the ability to concentrate, but often their focus is displaced on the wrong areas such as when a batter thinks â€Å"I need to get a hit† while in the batter’s box, which is a result-oriented focus. Sport Psychology Today is a sports mental training resource for athletes, sports parents, coaches, sport psychology scholars, and professionals provided by Mental Edge Athletics. Please sign up for our Discussion Forum   to share your experiences, ask questions, and gain access to advice from our readers and team of experts around the world. Topic and information requests can be sent by using our Contact Page. Sport Psychology and Mental Training Products are Coming Soon, so   stay tuned to Sports Psychology Today for more information. In the meantime, please search for your topics of interest on Sports Psychology Today and continue to improve your sports performance, mental toughness, and mental game. Also please share our website with your friends and family and   â€Å"Like† us on facebook   (facebook. com/mentaledgeathletics or search Sport Psychology Today) to gain access to discounts and special offers. Mental training is important for athletes, whether striving to do their personal best or competing against others. Mental imagery, what Bruce D. Hale of Penn State calls   â€Å"No Sweat Practice,† is very effective. The mind cannot tell the difference between what is real and what is imagined. Practice is practice, regardless of whether it is mental or physical. Ask the athlete to sit in a relaxed position in a quiet place with few distractions. Tell the athlete to close their eyes and picture performing a particular skill. Each is seeing him/herself on a large movie screen on a football pitch. Walk them through the skill step by step. Use as much detail as possible, using words to elicit all the senses  Ã¢â‚¬â€ sight, hearing, touch and smell-soft foot, cushion, deep it close, toe down, light touches. Ask the athlete to repeat the image. Picture rehearsing the skill successfully, even to the point of seeing the ball going in the goal. Some athletes need help to start the process. Others will learn to practice this way on their own. The link between performing the skills in the mind and performing the skills on the football pitch may be hard to explain. However, the athletes who repeatedly imagine themselves correctly completing a skill and believing it to be true are more likely to make it happen. Whatever goes into one’s mind and one’s heart comes out in their actions. â€Å"If you really want to do something, you’ll find a way; if you don’t, you’ll find an excuse. † –Author Unknown â€Å"Desire is the starting point of all achievement, not a hope, not a wish, but a keen pulsating desire which transcends everything. † –Napoleon Hill â€Å"There are no secrets to success. It is the result of preparation, hard work, and learning from failure. † –Colin Powell Effort only fully releases its reward after a person refuses to quit. † –Napoleon Hill â€Å"Winners are those people who make a habit of doing the things losers are uncomfortable doing. † –Ed Foreman â€Å"Every person who wins in any undertaking must be willing to cut all s ources of retreat. Only by doing so can one be sure of maintaining that state of mind known as a burning desire to win–essential to success. † –Napoleon Hill â€Å"Insanity is doing the same thing over and over again and expecting different results. † –Albert Einstein â€Å"If you cannot do great things, do small things in a great way. –Napoleon Hill â€Å"Only a strong tree can stand alone. † –Arnold Glasow â€Å"Great achievement is usually born of great sacrifice, and is never the result of selfishness. † –Napoleon Hill â€Å"The state of your life is nothing more than a reflection of your state of mind. † –Napoleon Hill â€Å"The state of your life is nothing more than a reflection of your state of mind. † –Dr. Wayne W. Dyer â€Å"It’s a sure thing that you’ll not finish if you don’t start. † –Napoleon Hill â€Å"The individual with a negative men tal attitude attracts troubles as a magnet attracts steel fittings. –Napoleon Hill â€Å"Our attitude is the primary force that will determine whether we succeed or fail. † –Dr. John C. Maxwell â€Å"The key to having a good attitude is the willingness to change. We are either the masters or the victims of our attitudes. It is a matter of personal choice. Who we are today is the result of choices we made yesterday. Tomorrow we will become what we choose today. To change means to choose to change. † –Dr. John C. Maxwell â€Å"The ladder of success is never crowded at the top. † –Napoleon Hill Photo Credit the athlete image by csaba fikker from Fotolia. om Physical training is only one facet of the training that successful athletes undergo. While the body is pushed to its limits and trained to perform under pressure for as long as necessary, the mind also must be prepared for competition. The world’s best athletes all have techni ques they use to win and achieve their goals. Function Sound mental training prepares athletes for competition by eliminating the anxiety that often surrounds performance. One of the main functions of mental athletic training is to help athletes concentrate on the moment. Trainers at Mental Goaltending report that athletes must learn to concentrate on the positive and refuse to entertain negative thoughts. Types One type of mental training that many athletes use is called visualization. Athletes are urged to see themselves performing at their peak and crossing the finish line or making a goal or basket. Visualization is designed to infuse the subconscious mind with a reality developed by the athlete so that the conscious mind follows through and makes it happen. Benefits In addition to providing competitive athletes with an edge, mental training can help relieve some of the stress involved in competition. Sports psychologists at Protex Sports report that in addition to the pressure of the competition, athletes face stress and pressure from managers, coaches, teammates and fans. They often face rigorous schedules and family demands that create additional stress that could affect their performance. Mental training is meant to alleviate some of the stress. Features A thorough mental training program features work in a range of areas that affect performance. Athletes look to psychological trainers to help them improve their mental toughness to withstand the demands of the competition as well as help them focus on their priorities. They work to uncover any fears that might be standing in the way of success and find ways to address those fears. Through mental training, athletes can gain confidence and composure. Considerations After an injury, many athletes have a difficult time adjusting to not playing their sport and facing a possible end to their athletic careers. Mental training for athletic success includes considerations for those times. During rehabilitation or preparing to retire, athletes have special needs that can be addressed through specially trained therapists. How to cite The Place of Mental Preparation of Athletes, Essay examples

Black Footed Ferret Essay Research Paper IntroductionIn free essay sample

Black Footed Ferret Essay, Research Paper Introduction: In the past three decennaries really few endangered species have been restored to feasible populations. The black footed Mustela nigripes ( Mustela nigripes ) was believed to be the most endangered mammal in the united provinces. It is a little mink sized carnivore of the Great fields and intermountain basins The Mustela nigripess appear to be obligatory marauders on the prairie Canis familiariss and one time occupied a scope basically indistinguishable to that of the prairie Canis familiariss. They prey on them and besides use their tunnels for shelter and nesting. The prairie Canis familiariss are considered agricultural plagues and rivals with farm animal since white colony foremost began in the American West. Large scale gnawer control plans were implemented by the province and federal authoritiess. They drastically reduced the population of prairie Canis familiariss ( and other species related to the prairie Canis familiaris ecosystem ) through caparison, gassing and poisoning. These poisoning plans were considered a major cause of the Mustela nigripes? s death. But, the chief cause was the loss of the Mustela nigripes? s quarry base and appropriate home ground. Their staying home ground was fragmented therefore go forthing the ferret population vulnerable to extinction from assorted causes including inability to happen couples, inbreeding depression, environmental events, and disease of Mustela nigripess and their quarry. The Mustela nigripess were believed to be extinct in 1974, but in 1981 a Mustela nigripes was discovered in Meeteetsee, Wyoming when a spread Canis familiaris killed an unusual animate being eating from its nutrient dish and the rancher took the carcase to a knowing animal stuffer. This was viewed as a rare opportunity to retrieve the species. In 1985, a ruinous disease struck the little ferret population, and most leftover animate beings were taken into imprisonment. Captive genteelness was initiated, and reintroduction into the natural state from the confined population began in 1991. The Mustela nigripes is merely one of more than 900 species listed under the Endangered Species act as either threatened or endangered. Over three 1000s more species wait on a list of campaigners for such position, but in the 1980s over 34 species went extinct while on the waiting list ( Cohn, 1993 ) . Is the ferret plan representative of the national attempt to retrieve species? Main organic structure: United States policy on endangered species, including the Mustela nigripes and 100s of other workss and animate beings, is codified in the 1973 Endangered Species act ( ESA, as amended, U.S. Congress 1983, Bean 1991 ) . This piece of statute law sets a national end the bar of any farther extinction and the Restoration of species presently threatened with extinction. The ESA is a extremely popular piece of legislative assembly because no 1 would recommend the violent death of an full species. But the simple end of salvaging a species cloaks a complicated procedure. The ferret instance is a good illustration of how the ESA is really outfitted, how and province functionaries and others tackle the complex work of reconstructing species, and how jobs come about in about all recovery programs. In short, the Mustela nigripes deliverance is a step of how the ESA truly works. After happening the little population in Wyoming, in 1981, one might anticipate a well led and swimmingly co-ordinated recovery attempt to hold been rapidly organized to salvage a species that had been recognized as America? s most endangered mammal. Many universities, preservation organisations, province and federal bureaus, and local people were willing to assist. Jointly they command significant resources, non merely in footings of money: national and international expertness on population genetic sciences and little population direction, experienced field research workers, tested genteelness installations, and support staffs from major menagerie. All that was needed for the Mustela nigripess to be restored fleetly, professionally, and expeditiously was a agencies to convey the endowment together in a productive well organized plan. Under the ESA, the undertaking of forming recovery attempts is the duty of the federal authorities moving through the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service. Federal functionaries had legion options open to them at the start of the ferret plan, one of which was to map like decision makers of a big infirmary, drawing together a first professional squad, back uping the necessary work with equal support, equipment and installations, and trusting on the squad? s judgement to convey about the patient? s recovery. But this theoretical account was non selected. The ferret plan was organized and operated really otherwise. Section 6 of the ESA requires that provinces be involved to the # 8220 ; maximal extent practicable. # 8221 ; Early in 1982, the federal authorities turned the chief duty for ferret Restoration over to the province of Wyoming. Almost instantly, jobs began to emerge. Through a formal declaration, the American Society of mammologists ( 1986:786 ) urged # 8220 ; the Fish and Wildlife Service, the Wyoming Fish and Game section, and other province wildlife sections, and legion and legion interested preservation groups to do broader recovery attempts # 8221 ; than those exhibited by the current plan. Miller, Reading, and Forest ( Miller et al.1996:208 ) place the FWS as the national agent responsible for keeping professional Restoration plans. # 8220 ; It is our contention, # 8221 ; they write, # 8220 ; that Region 6, of the FWS, failed to do the ferret recovery a national plan. It may hold been easiest for Region 6 to acuiesence to Wyoming? s docket in the short term, but the scheme has likely impaired the recovery in the long tally. Peoples, or bureaus, in a place to better preservation should non merely throw money at a job, but invest in clip and attending as well.† The Wyoming Game and Fish section was interested in making whatever was necessary to see that the Mustela nigripess be returned to the natural state in Wyoming foremost, whether or non Wyoming was the best topographic point to present them. There could hold been sites in other provinces which were better suited for ferret reintroduction, but the green-eyed monster of the Wyoming Game and Fish section prevents them from sing such an option. The Greater Yellowstone Coalition ( 1990 ) concluded that state-level concerns had taken precedency over national recovery issues. The Wilderness Society concluded that of the 495 species listed in 1988, merely about 16 ( 3.2 per centum ) are retrieving. Another 18 listed species ( 3.6 per centum ) may hold already been nonextant. This is a record that fails to show the basic promises of the act. The General Accounting Office ( 1992 ) added that of 16 species removed from the list, five were recovered, seven were nonextant, and four were reclassified because of misinformation. Two federal audits of the ESA execution have been conducted. Reviews of the FWS endangered species plan and found that the federal authorities did non keep centralised information needed to find how good the overall plan was runing. Required recovery programs have non been developed and approved for many species. In 16 recovery programs that were investigated in deepness, about half of the undertakings listed had non been undertaken even though the programs had been approved, on norm, more than four old ages before. Fws functionaries attributed this to shortage of financess, # 8220 ; the inspector general of the Interior section has lambasted his federal co-workers at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, bear downing that they may be directing species to extinction # 8221 ; ( Holden1990 ) . Decision: The devastation of other life signifiers because of the actions of people is a job with profound biological, ecological, economic, and ethical dimensions. We must presume that a healthy biosphere is in the common involvement of humanity. Appreciation of the cardinal importance and far-sightedness of the Endangered Species Act and other biodiversity protection policies has grown over the last two decennaries, but that has neither prevented nor appreciably slowed the extinction crisis. Around the Earth, the job of extinction is utmost and turning, with possibly tonss of species vanishing everyday. The ESA is potentially a powerful tool to break the extinction crisis, and in many ways has served as a planetary theoretical account. But despite its value both substantively and symbolically, there are jobs with it, as both the biological and political tendencies of the past old ages attest. Execution has fallen short of promise. Protecting species under the ESA is a long, complex procedure. Once species are recognized as deserving of protection and are listed, preservation plans must be designed, approved, and so implemented. Almost four 1000 species in the United States now wait to be afforded the basic protections of the ESA ; several hundred, many of them workss may already be nonextant. Beyond the listing procedure, there are countless stairss, activities and processes that make up the ESA execution. The extinction job in the U.S. and the universe is seemingly turning faster than practical policy responses can be generated to halt it. The black footed Mustela nigripes was a good illustration for demoing how there are jobs with the preservation procedure and restrictions of conventional attacks. The ferret Restoration plan was fraught with jobs, which has added to its ill fame in the public oculus and the scientific and preservation communities. If we are to better the policy-making procedure for conserving biodiversity, we must admit the job openly, candidly, and realistically. We must turn our cognition of salvaging species and take bend it into more effectual, more efficient preservation additions. In other words, we must retrace the endangered species recovery procedure. Bibliography Literature cited: American Society of Mammologists. 1986. Recovery and Restoration of the black footed Mustela nigripes. Journal of mammology 67:786. Bean, M.J.1983. The development of national wildlife jurisprudence. Prager, New York. Cohn, J.P.1993. Defenders of biodiversity. Government executive national diary, April:18-22 General accounting office. 1988. Endangered species: Management betterments could heighten recovery plans. GAO/RCED 89-5. GPO, Washington. Holden, C.1990. Ecology hero in the interior section. Science 250:620-621. Miller, B.J. , R. Reading, C. Conway, J.A. Jackson, M.A. Hutchins, N. Snyder, S. Forest, J. Frazier, and S. Derricson. 1994. Bettering endangered species plans: Avoiding organisational booby traps, tapping the resources, and adding answerability. Environmental Management 18:637-645. Reffault, W. 1991. The endangered species lists: Histories of extinction? P.77-75. Island Press, Washington.

Partnering of Suppliers and Customers

Introduction Partnering is the development of good and effective strategic relationships (Loraine 1993, p. 13). This is mostly between suppliers and customers. The main aim of partnering is to have a sustainable competitive advantage. In partnering, various stakeholders are supposed to transform their businesses while embracing various relationships and processes. They can also embrace leadership and better ways of communication through good business practices.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Partnering of Suppliers and Customers specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Transformation in partnering should be done as a joint activity (Loraine 1993, p. 15). Framework contracting on the other hand is an agreement with different suppliers. The main aim of framework contracting is to establish different terms that will be used to govern contracts (Schein 1985, p. 9). These contracts can be awarded over a given period of time . The terms that govern these contracts are normally established in regard to quantity and price. In a broad perspective, framework contracting sets out the terms and conditions that will guide the agreement. Partnering and framework contracting complement each other in a broad way. This is because they are used to come up with good conditions under which more collaborative ways can be enhanced between contractors and their clients (Schein 1985, p. 9). Framework contracting and partnering can encourage a close correspondence in business dealings. This therefore yields a scale of improvements. In addition, they are inclusive and imprecise concepts that capture a wide range of attitudes. Partnering captures the spirit of cooperation that is needed for a successful contract. Framework contracting and partnering are used when stakeholders want to develop a good strategic partnership (Child 1984, p. 11). Partnering and framework contracting come up with broad based contractual commitment s that can be used for long term strategies. Discussion A project in construction is an activity that has specific conditions, a budget, responsibilities, goals and a plan. Projects should have a starting date and an end date. There are various parties that are involved in projects. These parties have diverse interests that are supposed to be taken care of. There are various aspects that are involved in project management and enforcement (Child 1984, p. 18). This ensures that activities are carried out in the most effective way. For a project to be successful, it must have a good plan. This will ensure that things are done in the most efficient manner (Pheysey 1993, p. 17). In a broad perspective, all aspects of the proposed project are supposed to be explored for sustainability. Projects have various advantages and disadvantages. Proper project implementation can improve the quality of a product. This is because projects have a time frame and plan by which they are supposed to be e xecuted. Projects can bring about an improvement in team productivity because they involve various stakeholders with a common goal (Pheysey 1993, p. 19). This means that various interests will be satisfied as a result of the project. As much as companies should bid for good projects through partnering and framework contracting, management tasks can end up being an overhead to the success of the project.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This therefore means that projects need a lot of attention and commitment. On the other hand, diverse interests and goals can frustrate a project. This will be brought about by distinct missions and objectives. Strategic partnering can be said to be structured collaborations between organizations. The main aim of strategic partnering is to take advantage of emerging market opportunities (Green 1995, p. 14). Strategic partnering is meant to res pond to customers more effectively and efficiently than one could have done in isolation. Apart from sharing skills and resources, partnering can also allow partners to share risks. There are various advantages of strategic partnering. Strategic partnering can bring about an improvement in a company’s cash flow (Green 1995, p. 18). This can also reduce overhead costs in one way or the other. Strategic partnering can also act as an avenue to access technology and facilities. Through partnering, a company will be able to improve its credibility and capital flow. This strengthens relationships with suppliers and customers and in the long run reduces costs. There are various disadvantages that come about as a result of strategic partnering. For instance, there might be various barriers to future financing opportunities (Latham 1994, p.9). This can end up with the foreclosure of other important business opportunities. For strategic partnering to be successful, partners should clea rly assess themselves. This is because there might be unexpected disappointments and headaches. Strategic partnering can also bring about a lot of distractions because of the commitments that bind partners together. Framework contracting can be described as an agreement with different suppliers (Latham 1994, p.9). The main aim of framework contracting is to establish different terms that will be used to govern contracts. These contracts can be awarded over a given period of time. The terms that govern contracts are normally established in regard to quantity and price. In a broad perspective, framework contracting sets out the terms and conditions that guide agreements. As a matter of fact, it has various advantages. Advantages will mostly be seen in the outsourcing of goods and services. In addition, it will be able to develop good strategic relationships that can be used to advance a company’s long term objectives. Framework contracting in a broad way enhances processes with in an organization and its partners (Bresnen 1990, p. 14). This means that it can be used as an interesting option for sustainability. In addition, there will be better avenues of evaluating and monitoring initiatives. Disadvantages arise from the assessment of various outcomes. This means that there will be problems in assessing success (Bresnen 1990, p. 18). Framework contracting can lead to an increase in prices that will be used to compensate for additional costs.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Partnering of Suppliers and Customers specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These will likely scare away potential partners and investors. It also has a disadvantage of bringing about additional enforcement mechanisms (Argyris . Schà ¶n 1978, p. 21). Framework contracting can be used to come up with good conditions under which more collaborative avenues can be enhanced between contractors and their clients. Collaborativ e contracts can be used to ensure that work is done in a more effective way. These contracts are mostly agreements that are used to enhance good relationships. They can be trade agreements, lease agreements and rental agreements. A trade agreement is a contractual arrangement that defines various trade relations. These agreements are meant to reduce barriers and enhance trade (Green 1995, p. 18). Trade agreements increase the value of commitments amongst various partners. Enhanced protection will increase economic gains as a result of these agreements. Trade agreements allow for free movement of capital and services. These agreements have various weaknesses. For instance, they increase the cost of trade and business. On the other hand, they might also cause problems among various partners (Latham 1994, p.16). A lease agreement is a commitment that guides the relationship between the owner of a property and the person who is leasing it. It is a contract that outlines the conduct of t wo different partners (Argyris .Schà ¶n 1978, p. 21). Lease agreements can help the collaborators to save on costs (more so the person who has leased). In this case, they will also build a good working relationship that can be used to enhance skills (Latham 1994, p.19). Some of these lease agreements can increase costs. This can involve various levels and types of insurance coverage. There can be weaknesses in the validation process of lease agreements. A rental agreement can also be termed as a lease. This is where the asset is a tangible property. This agreement defines the conduct of various parties involved (Brown 1995, p. 9). In addition, it has a stipulated period under which it will be considered valid. Such agreements if well enforced can save on costs. There are various weaknesses in accounting and disclosure of income. This should be dealt with to ensure that there are no organizational challenges. Every business can be engaged in a new contract every now and then. As a m atter of fact, there might be problems with the interpretation of clauses. This can mostly be seen in oral contracts (Roe 1996, p.23). Oral contracts can be either unilateral or bilateral. Litigation issues can also arise in the interpretation of various clauses.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, new contracts can also have multi-tiered clauses. Such a problem can potentially demand for additional time to interpret different clauses (Roe 1996, p.23). This will ultimately increase the time needed to enforce a given contract. Conclusion Coherence in partnering should be seen as a strategy in business. On the other hand, there are numerous organizational and economic factors that can either inhibit or encourage partnering. There are various differences between the rhetoric and reality of partnering. In a broad perspective, partnering can deal with lack of integration and fragmentation that have in numerous occasions defined important features of an industry. Partnering and framework contracting complement each other in a broad way. This is because they are used in coming up with good conditions under which more collaborative ways can be enhanced between contractors and their clients. Framework contracting and partnering can encourage a close correspondence in busin ess dealings. In addition, they are inclusive and imprecise concepts that capture a wide range of attitudes. Partnering captures the spirit of cooperation that is needed for a successful contract. Framework contracting and partnering are used when stakeholders want to develop a good strategic partnership. Partnering and framework contracting come up with broad based contractual commitments that can be used for long term strategies. Reference List Argyris, C. Schà ¶n, A., 1978. Theory in practice. San Francisco: Jossey Bass Bresnen, M., 1990. Organizing construction. London: Routledge. Brown, A., 1995. Organizational culture. London: Pitman. Child, J., 1984. Organization. London: Harper Row. Green, R., 1995. Partnering and alliances: theory and practice. Richardson TX: Society of Petroleum Engineers. Latham, M., 1994. Constructing the team. London: HMSO. Loraine, R. K., 1993. Partnering in the public sector. London: Business Round Table. Pheysey, D. C., 1993. Organizational cultur es. London: Routledge. Roe, M., 1996. Partnering: the legal aspects. London: Masons Solicitors. Schein, E., 1985. Organizational culture and leadership. San Francisco: Jossey Bass. This report on Partnering of Suppliers and Customers was written and submitted by user M0ck1ngb1rd to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Time series analysis

Time series analysis Free Online Research Papers We are pleased to submit the following report on the â€Å"Time Series Analysis†. By completing the report, we have got acquainted importance and relevance of time series on business application. We also perceived idea on the whole process of Time Series Analysis. We acquired knowledge about the method of measuring trend, growth rate, acceleration rate etc. In spite of limitation of time opportunity we have tried our level best to complete the report. We are pleased to provide you with this report with necessary analysis, references and we shall be available for any clarification, if required. Thank you for assigning us in this study. On behalf of the group Md. Arif Hasan ID: 12-150 Table of Contents Serial No Topic Page No 1 Letter of Transmittal 1 2 Rationale of the study 2 3 Objectives of the report 3 4 Methodology of the report 3 5 What is Time Series 4 6 Uses of Time Series in Business 5 7 Components of a Time Series 5 8 Classical Time Series Model 9 9 Methods of trend measurement 9 10 Least squares method 10 11 The Growth Rate 14 12 The Acceleration Rate 15 13 Rule of 72 16 14 Bibliography 17 Rationale of the study Having been assigned to prepare a report on Time Series Analysis we are submitting the term paper based on our findings and understandings. Time series analysis has vast application and is of huge importance in the field of Business and Economics as well as in decision making thereof. Calculating secular trend we can know whether unit sales or revenues of a particular Business organization are increasing, decreasing or remaining constant over time. Cyclical variation affords us to track the rise and fall of a time series over a longer period of time. It helps us to realize the different stages the organization is going through over time such as prosperity, depression, recession, recovery etc. Seasonal variation helps us to clarify in which particular period of time within a year the Business is making good sales or decreasing sales. Using last square method we can derive a trend equation which dictates us at what particular amount the Business is increasing or decreasing its sales over time. Calculation of Growth Rate makes us understand at what percentage the Business sales are increasing or decreasing over time and Acceleration Rate lets us know whether the Growth Rate will increase or decrease at an increasing or decreasing rate in the successive years. In our report, we have identified described all the components and elements of Time Series Analysis, The Classical Time Series Model, and different methods of measuring trend, application of the Least Square Method and process to calculate growth rate and acceleration rate and their effect on the business thereof. Necessary graphs and charts have also been attached with an exclusive interpretation of the Rule of 72 in the final part of the report. Objectives of the Report ? Defining the Time Series Analysis. ? Distinguishing between Time Series Data and Cross-section Data. ? Identifying the elements of Time Series Analysis. ? Developing the Classical Time Series Model. ? Describing the various components of Time Series Analysis. ? Erecting graphical figures for the components of the Time Series Analysis. ? Identifying different methods of measuring Trend. ? Applying the Least Square Method in practical problems. ? Calculating Growth Rate and Acceleration Rate and describing their effect. ? Describing the Rule of 72 and its application in Growth Rate. Methodology of the Report Being permitted we are submitting this report on Time Series Analysis. Due to time and fund constraints we could not collect primary data, so we prepared this report based on secondary data. Resultantly our report completely relies in hypothetical data rather than experimental data. We created a hypothetical business situation that exactly coincides with the real business situation. Time Series: The most popular method of business forecasting is time series analysis. A time series is a collection of observations of well-defined data items obtained through repeated measurements over a period of time- weekly, monthly, quarterly, or yearly. For example, measuring the value of retail sales each month of the year would comprise a time series. This is because sales revenue is well defined, and consistently measured at equally spaced intervals. Data collected irregularly or only once are not time series. Distinguish between Trend and Growth rate: 1. Trend indicates the changes of a variable over a period of time in absolute term i.e., in original unit of measurement (Tk. US $, Kg, etc.) 2. Growth rate indicates the changes in a variable over a period of time in relative term i.e., in % (percentage). 3. If two or more variables are given or expressed in different units of measurements, their changes over a period of time are not comparable using the trend but the changes are comparable using growth rate. 4. In calculating the trend all the figures of a time series are taken into account, while in estimating the growth rate, the figures of base and current periods are considered. Difference between time series data and cross section data: Time Series Data Cross Section Data Data collected arranged on the basis of time are known as time series data. Data on different items given for a specific time period are known as cross-section data. Example Year Profit Beximco Textile (crore tk) 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 12 15 17 19 20 22 Example Company (Textile) Profit in 2007 (crore tk) Beximco Textile Square Textile Dandy AllTex Ashraf Textile 22 24 19 17 15 Uses of Time Series in Business Decision-Making: Various uses of time series in Business Decision-Making are follows:- ? To understand future behaviour: Time series analysis is helpful in predicting the future behaviour. By observing data over a period of time, one can easily understand what changes have taken place in the past what will be in future. ? Planning of future operations: Time series analysis is helpful in planning future operations. The greatest potential of a time series lies in predicting an unknown value of the series. For capital investment decisions, decisions regarding production and inventory etc are example of planning future operations. ? Evaluations of current activities: The actual performance can be compared with the expected performance and the cause of variation analyzed. For example, if expected sales for 2007 were 15 lacs T-shirts and the actual sales were only 14 lacs; one can investigate the cause in the shortfall in achievement. ? It facilitates comparison: Various time series are often compared and important decisions are taken. One statistician can not forecast 100 percent accuracy of future events. It is needed to compare different time series in the same topic. Components of a Time Series: The four basic types of variations which account for the changes in the series over a period of time. The four types of patterns, variations or movements are called components or elements of time series. The four components are 1. Secular Trend 2. Seasonal Variation 3. Cyclical Variation 4. Irregular Variation Secular Trend: Secular trend means the smooth, regular, long-term movement of the data. Among four components trend is the most important and influential. The long term trends of sales, employment, stock prices, and other business and economic series follow various patterns. Some move steadily upward, others decline, and still others stay the same over time. For example, the secular trend of the number of employees in Home Depot (from 1993 to 2002) is shown below. How to identify trend: Sudden and irregular movements either in upward or in downward direction will not be known as trend. Classification of trends: Various types of trends are divided under two heads. ? Linear or Straight Line Trends: The linear trend indicates that the increase or decrease of a time series at constant amount. It is the simplest form in describing the trend movement. ? Non Linear Trends: The non-linear trend indicates that a time series may have faster (or slower) increase at early stage and have a slower (or faster increase at more recent times). Seasonal Variation: Seasonal variations are those periodic movements in business activity which occur regularly every year. These variations tend to repeat themselves each year. Almost all businesses tend to have frequent seasonal patterns. For example men’s and boy’s clothing has extremely high sales just prior to Christmas and relatively low sales after Christmas and during the summer. How to identify seasonal variation: ? If the data are given on yearly basis there will be no seasonal basis. ? If the data are given on daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly or half-yearly basis then there might be existence of the influence of the seasonal variation. Factors affecting seasonal variation: The factors that cause seasonal variations are: ? Climate and weather conditions: The most important factor causing seasonal variation in the climate and weather conditions such as rainfall, humidity, heat etc. act on different product and industries differently. For example during the winter there is great demand for woolen cloths, whereas in summer cotton clothes have greater sales. ? Customs, traditions habits: Though climate and weather are primarily responsible seasonal variations in time series, customs, traditions and habits also have their impact. For example on certain occasions like Eid, Puja the bank withdrawals go up because people want money for shopping and gifts etc. Cyclical Variation: The rise and fall of a time series over periods longer than one year. Most of the time series relating economics and business show some kind of cyclical variation. A business cycle consists of four well defined periods or phases, namely prosperity, decline, depression and improvement. For example, the annual unit sale of batteries sold by National Battery from 1984 to 2003 is shown below in the cyclical nature of business. Irregular Variation: Irregular variations refer to such variations in business activity which does not repeat in a definite pattern. Irregular variations are caused by special occurrences like flood, earthquakes, strikes and wars etc. Irregular variations can not be projected into the future. Classification of Irregular Variation: Sometimes irregular variations are subdivided into episodic and residual variations. ? Episodic Variation: Episodic fluctuations are unpredictable, but they can be identified. The initial impact on the economy of a major strike or a war can be identified, but a strike or can not predicted. ? Residual Variation: After the episodic fluctuations have been removed, the remaining variation is called the residual variation. The residual fluctuations are often called chance fluctuations. These are unpredictable and can not be identified. Classical Time Series Model: The model which states that all the components of a time series are in a relationship of multiplicative in nature is known as â€Å"Classical Time Series Model†. Mathematically the model can be written as- Y = T x S x (C x I) Here, Y = Value of the variable or result of the four elements T = Trend S = Seasonal Variation C = Cyclical Variation I = Irregular Variation Methods of trend measurement: Several methods are used in measuring Trend. Some measures the average of the trend and some measures the absolute value. Here we have listed five main methods for measuring the Trend of the Time Series. ? Linear trend measurement 1. The freehand or Graphic method 2. The Semi-average method 3. The Least Squares method ? Non-linear trend measurement 1. The freehand or Graphic method 2. Moving average method Figure: Five methods of measuring Trend Least squares method: The method where time is the independent variable and the value of the time series is the dependent variable is known as the Least Square Method. Here, an equation is developed to estimate future values. It is done by the least square technique. Many researchers suggest that we should not project the future values more than n/2 time periods (where n= number of data points) into the future. Moreover, others suggest the forecast may be for no longer than 2 years, especially in rapidly changing economic times. Here I. (Y YC) = 0 The sum of deviations of the actual values of Y and the computed values of Y is zero. II. (Y YC)2 is the least The sum of the squares of the deviations of the actual and computed values is least from this line. That is why this method is called the method of least squares. The linear trend is represented by the equation Yc = a + bx In spite of these suggestions, the Least Square Method is a very popular and important method for forecasting the future because it finds the best linear relationship between two variables. Besides, it measures the absolute value of the trend. We have also arranged our report on this Least Square Method. For this purpose we have used both the theory and their applications. We have collected the secondary data from a departmental store named Super Value Shop and calculate the data for application purpose. Here the collected data has been presented, Super Value Shop, the agent of Proctor Gamble Bangladesh Ltd. in Dhanmondi, has experienced the following sales revenues in the past 7 years Year 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Sale(lac Tk.) 6 11 19 22 30 35 39 42 45 50 From the data at first we will develop an equation with the least square techniques. The Equation: The equation is- Ye = a + bt Where, Y = dependent variable of the time series a = constant b = trend (slope) t = time period This method is a direct method where- à ¥Y = an + bà ¥t à ¥Yt = aà ¥t + bà ¥t2 Here, a = and b = Now, by using the data of the Super Value Shop we will calculate the equation. For to do so we have to find out the a and b. Year Sales (lac Tk.)y t yt 1998 6 1 6 1 1999 11 2 22 4 2000 19 3 57 9 2001 22 4 88 16 2002 30 5 150 25 2003 35 6 210 36 2004 39 7 273 49 2005 42 8 336 64 2006 45 9 405 81 2007 50 10 500 100 n = 10 299 55 2047 385 So b = a = = = = 3.06 = 4.88 b (Trend) indicates the average amount of change in the variable y due to a unit change in the time period(t). So the equation is – Y = 3.06 + 4.88t This Trend Equation indicates that during the period of 1998 to 2007 sales of the Super Value Shop increased because as an average amount of Tk. 5.679 lac per year. Now by using this trend equation we can forecast the sale of the Super Value Shop. Suppose, we want to forecast the sale of 2010. Y2010 = 3.06 + 4.88 *13 = 66.5 So if the above trend equation holds to until 2010 (if the present trend continues) the sales of the Super Value Shop will stand at Tk. 66.5 lac. The Growth Rate (GR): The rate which indicates the increase of the dependent variable of the time series(Y) within the considering period is known as Growth Rate. For example, the Growth Rate of the Super Value Shop indicates the increase of the rate of sales during the period of 1998 to 2007. Shortly it is noted as GR. GR = Here, n = Total number of Years Yn = Sale of the nth year Y1 = Sale of the 1st year Now by using the data we can find out the increase (GR) of sales of the Super Value Shop. GR = = = 26.56% This GR = 26.56% indicates that during the period of 1998 to 2007 sales of the Super Value Shop increased at an average rate of 26.56% per year. The Acceleration Rate (AR): The rate which indicates how much the growth rate will be decreasing in the years to come or the following (future) years is known as the Acceleration Rate. For example, if the GR = 20% then how much (increased or decreased) it will remain in the following years. Shortly it is noted as AR. AR = Here, Y1 = Sale of 1st year Y2 = Sale of 2nd year Yn = Sale of nth year Yn-1 = Sale of the previous year of nth year Now by using the data we can find out the change (increase or decrease) of GR of the Super Value Shop. AR = = = 6.07% This AR = 6.07% indicates that in the years to come (in future) growth rate of the Super Value Shop will be decreasing at an average rate of 6.07% compared to that of the previous year’s growth rate. So, if the current year GR = 100% (26.56%) then the next year GR = 93.93% (24.95%) of the previous year’s growth rate. This will be continuing until the AR is not changed. Rule of 72: The rule which estimates how much time the current growth rate will take to make the sales doubled is known as the Rule of 72. It is calculated by 72/GR. It is an important rule in case of forecasting or estimating the future. Here we have used a few words to make it clear. If the GR = 1% then it will take 72 years to be doubled. If the GR = 72% then it will take 1 year to be doubled. If the GR = 26.56% then it will take 2.71 year to be doubled. Bibliography: Statistical Techniques in Business Economics -by Lind, Marchal, Wathen Business Statistics –by Gupta Gupta www.mhhe.com The lectures of our honorable course teacher. Research Papers on Time series analysisHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalThe Fifth HorsemanResearch Process Part OneInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesThe Project Managment Office SystemPETSTEL analysis of IndiaMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesDefinition of Export QuotasBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of Self

Consumer Behaviour Research Report Issues Facing Consumers in Adopting Article

Consumer Behaviour Research Report Issues Facing Consumers in Adopting The New Product - Article Example The adoption process is a long one and which involves a variety stages. The first stage is awareness where the consumer becomes exposed to the new idea, good or service. The second stage is the Interest stage where the consumer seeks information related to the product. This is done through a variety of ways such as from brochures, from friends etc. The third stage is the evaluation stage where the consumer of the product considers the possibility of trying the new product. The fourth stage is the Trial stage where the consumer tries the new product on rather a small scale so as to improve his or her estimate of the product’s value. The last stage is the adoption stage where the consumer will make use of the product on a large scale and on a regular basis. Therefore from the above discussion we have seen that adopting a particular product is not a simple task and so much has to be done on the part of the producer to make sure that the new product is adopted by his/her potential customers. There are a variety of issues that face consumers in adopting the new product, these include: the Internal/external environment, the socio cultural and psychological factors, attitudes, beliefs, learning and decision making . The above named factors are explained below. Internal/external environment The success of a new good or service is high dependent on the internal and external environmental factors of a particular company or organization. The internal environment of the organization comprise of the management, the staff, the methods of production involved in coming up with the product or service and its distribution channels. The management should come up with strategies of marketing the product to ensure that many people are aware of the product so that they increase the chances of consumers using it. The staff on the other hand should perceive the product positively so that they talk well of the product to potential consumers (Consumer Buying Behavior, n.d.). They should also be motivated so that they can find something positive to talk about. The production channels should be efficient such that they are able to produce the required number of products to meet demand. This can be through use of appropriate technology and manpower. The distribution channels should be such that they can reach many consumers of the product. If the consumer hears about a certain product he/she should be able to find it in the nearest shop. For Philip Island Nature Park, they should motivate the staff so that they are able to speak positively of the new project. The management should also design strategies that will make people know of the existence of this new project (Solomon, 2010, pp.26-58). The external environment also plays a big role especially with regards to perception. The consumers need to be aware of the company in a positive light so that they can feel proud being associated with their products. If this is done the adoption process is made easy because people will want to try out the new product and if they feel good they will adopt it. It will also reduce the cost of generating awareness and interest in the people before they begin to evaluate the product. The consumers will move directly to the trial stage and this saves a lot of money for the company as

The Experiences of Dick Spencer in Modrow Plant of Tri-American Essay - 1

The Experiences of Dick Spencer in Modrow Plant of Tri-American Corporation - Essay Example Dick inherited problems at Modrow plant; he was not included in initial planning and spent a lot of time in getting up to speed. His friendly and easy going attitude was not appreciated in the English plant as well as the Modrow plant by Canadian workers, as his casual strolls were considered as suspicious and steadily his stature and authority as a plant manager was undermined by the workers. The limitations he had as a leader was his inability to understand accounting practices and delegating tasks to his sub-ordinates, as a result he started taking interest in minor or unimportant issues of the plant. This micro management kept him away from core issues rising from expansion and modernization of the plant. His attempts to gain insights by spending time in manufacturing area were not ideal and a trusting behavior towards middle management should have brought better results in implementing the changes he wanted. He was not furnished by the relevant information by middle management a s they had doubts about his abilities as a leader additionally his obsession for gaining insight from workers left the middle management with lack of trust in him. In order for a successful change to come whether it is cost saving initiative, modernization or expansion Dick should have paid attention to more strategic issues of the time and used his time for inculcating trust within management, there are many leaders who lack the technical knowledge or experience but they achieve results by leaving the technical aspects of the work to technical staff communicating with their line managers and not seeing everything as a potential for cost saving initiatives. A gradual or incremental change would have helped Dick in first normalizing the situation due to his appointment ahead of local operating staff, gain trust of managers by staying away from the workers followed by understanding the modernization and expansion challenges.  This change is suggested keeping the personality of Dick in consideration, consequently an authoritative leader would have opted for a rapid change while resisting forces would have been removed or sidelined.  

Write about 5 artist Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Write about 5 artist - Essay Example It is at Yale that Bartlett fully understood the progressive approach to modern artistry. This combined with the vibrant art scene in nearby New York was instrumental to her development as an artist in those early years (37). Bartlett’s first solo exhibition in 1970 at Alan Saret’s loft and a later exhibition in 1974 at the Paula Cooper Gallery showcased her unique artistic concepts. Her work which incorporated the use of various systems to create order and at the same time oppose it made her an icon in the world of art. She was bale to explore the use of different materials and the conceptual process to make objects and images. This post-minimalist and realist painter is well known for her interiors and landscapes which are created in a way that explore the relationship between the object and the painted image. She used materials such as pen and ink, pencil, brush and ink, gouache and oil pastel to create her paintings. (Gaze 218). One of her most famous works is the gigantic mural situated at the Federal Building in Atlanta, Georgia. She created this two hundred foot mural in 1981. Since then, she has been creating works of art which all have characteristics of her use of mundane objects. Bartlett’s paintings can be found in various public collections in Museums such as the Smithsonian American Art Museum in Washington DC, New York’s Museum of Modern Art, the walker Art center in Minnesota, Honolulu’s Contemporary museum and the Tate Gallery in London (Gaze 219). In the world of art, Julian Schnabel is considered as one of the most outstanding artists of the 20th century. He was born in Brooklyn, New York in 1951 to Jack Schnabel and Esta Greenberg. He resolved to be an artist while he was still a young boy. After receiving his B.F.A from the University of Houston, he joined the Whitney Museum of American Art under the inde[pendent study program. He had his first show as a solo artist in 1975, and thereafter he traveled to